Terms+and+Definitions

Columbus Voyage to Bahamas-
 * AP REVIEW MAJOR TERMS AND NAMES


 * Ponce de Leon** - //**Full Name-** Juan Ponce de Leon. He was a Spanish Conquistador who lived from 1474- 1521. He was well known as the governor of Puerto Rico by the Spanish Monarchy. He also led the first european expedition to Florida. He is also known for his insatiable lust for the Fountain of Youth.//


 * Hernan Cortes** - //was born in 1485 and died in 1547. He was a Spanish conquistador who had defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico//


 * Iroquois Confederacy** - //Was a North American confederation of Native Americans, that comprised the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes in the early 17th century//


 * Reign of Queen Elizabeth I** - //Ascending the throne of England in 1558, Elizabeth I turned the impoverished and religiously torn country into one of the world's most powerful and propesperous states by the time she died in 1603. Her crowning achievement must have been the defeat of the Spanish armada, the strongest in the world at that time, in 1588. She is also known for strengthening the Protestant Church on English soil after the previous rule of Catholic Queen Mary I.//

~ The first of the laws was the Naturalization Act- required to live in the United States for 14 years instead of 5 before eligible for U.S. citizenship. ~"danderous to the peace and safety of the United States" this meant that the president has to deport aliens for peace issues. ~The third law allowed the wartime arrest, imprisonment and deportation of any alien subject to an enemy power. ~ The last laws, were past on July 14 and declared that any treasonable activity, including the publication of "any false, scandalous and malicious writing," was a high misdemeaner, punishable by fine and inprisonment.//
 * Alien and Sedition Act** - //1798// - //The Alien and Sedition Act was passed because we needed to strengthen our Federal Goverment when we were under threat of war with France. Congress passed four laws known collectuvely as the Alien and Sedition Acts.


 * Eire canal completed** - //is a man made waterway in New York that runs about 365 miles from Albany on the hudson River to Buffalo at Lake Erie. It was first proposed in 1808 and thaninder contruction from 1817 to 1825. This is the first route between the eastern seaboard, and western interior of the United States. This cut the transportation cost by 95%.//


 * Spanish Armada 1588** - //Spain sent their entire armada along with an army from Flanders to restore Catholic influence within England. The Sea Dogs of England were able to crush the entire armada even though they were outnumbered. As a result, England became a naval power and began to compete with other powers for colonization on the North American continent.//

Jamestown 1607 //-//
 * English Lost Colony of Roanoke** - //Roanoke was the first settlement in the New World. The people were not surviving very well and John Smith left to go back to England. However, the later news of the settlement was shocking. The people were mysteriously gone, no one knowing what happened to them. The only clues were markings on the trees, one of them being Croatone. This may hint to indians being behind the disappearence.//


 * John Smith** - //John Smith was one of the original settlers in Jamestown. When the town was failing, the people dieing and not pulling their weight, John Smith stepped forward to take charge. He made all the 'gentleman' work. He forced the settlers into line during the long winter ahead, where only 60 survived.//


 * King James I** - //He was born on June 19, 1566 at Edinburg Castle in Scotland. His father Lord Darnley, was murdered before James was even 1 years old. King James spoke fluent Greek, Latin, French, English, and Scots. He went to school for Italian and Spanish. King James I of England but the (VI of Scotland) King James was a Christian. Wrote two books the Basilicon Doron and the Daemonologie. King James died March 27, 1625//


 * Joint Stock Companies** - //An association engaged in a business or profit wih ownership interests represented by shares of stock. Thus is a form of partnership.//


 * John Rolfe -** //John Rolfe was a settler of Jamestown who became the father of the tobacco industry. By 1612, he had perfected the growing and processing of tobacco, which was the base of the Jamestown economy and became the base of the Southern economy. Rolfe's marriage to Pocahontas also helped keep peace between the Indians and the settlers long enough for the settlers to develop Jamestown.//


 * Tobacco** - //The leaves of cultivated tobacco prepared for use in smoking or chewing or as snuff. A surplus of this crop was cultivated in the United States, mainly Virginia. A lot of money was earned from this crop due to its high demand in other countries.//


 * Pocahontas-** //Saved John Smyth from her tribe, the Bohatan, and creates easy peace between the colonists and the Indians. She later married John Rolfe, father of tobacco.//

an Confederacy-
 * Virginia Colony**- //founded in 1607 by the Viriginia Company. First permanent British colony. Main purpose to find gold also to convert indians to Christianity and to find a passage to India//
 * Maryland Colony** - The Maryland Colony was founded by Lord Baltimore in 1632 as a safe haven for persecuted religions.

Catholic Influence in Colonies- Puritan Influence in Colonies- Quaker Influence in Colonies- Protestant Influence in Colonies- Colombian Exchange-

//~Tobacco, fish, lumber, flour for English textile shipped between the colonies and Great Britain.// //~Slaves from the Gold Coast of Africa to the West Indies and the colonies.// //~Molasses and sugar to the colonies from the West Indies.// //~Timber and foodstuffs from the colonies to the West Indies.// // ~Rum from the colonies to the Gold Coast of Africa. //
 * Triangle of Trade** - //These colonial trade routes of the 1770’s transported many worldly goods to and from the colonies. These products included the following://
 * Middle Passage-** //Route between West African Coast and Caribbean in the Triangle of Trade. Horrible conditions, fear, and slave revolts were common place. Slaves were originally brought to the Caribbean to work in sugar cane fields, but when the Tobacco crop proved to be profitable slaves were diverted to the young colonies.//


 * King Charles I** - //King of England. Born in 1600 to King James I and Anne of Denmark. Married 15 year-old Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV of France (a selfish and devoted Catholic) and produced four sons and five daughters including future King Charles II. During his reign, Parliament refused to give the king money in order to address the nobility’s fiscal grievances. For 11 years, Charles did not summon Parliament for financing because he was supporting his reign by selling business monopolies and demanding fees from towns building naval warships. By attempting to force a Catholic prayer book on Scotland, Charles sufficiently his personal rule and caused a civil war in England. In 1642, Charles began to fight military forces backed by the Parliament. In 1649, Charles I was executed for treason after 24 years on the English throne . //

New Hampshire Colony- Massachusetts Bay Colony- Plymouth Settlement-


 * Salem Witch Trials-** //A period of 30 years where men and women -especially those who went against the church, and those who lived alone- were accused of being witches. Most often they were hung, and some were stoned or pressed. The hysteria was caused by superstitions of the townsfolk and also by the unsure religious conditions of the time.//


 * Half-Way Covenant-** //A policy created in 1662 that allowed looser membership rules in the church and secured a higher position for clergy within the community.//


 * Pequot War-** //In 1637, years of hostile relations gave way to the first war between Europeans and the Native Americans. Militiamen burned the wigwams and shot every one of the fleeing survivors. The Pequot tribe was all but finished, so they and the English began four years of uneasy peace. The Indians were forced to live in "praying towns" and subjected to the foreign ways of the Englishmen.//


 * Glorious Revolution-** //King James II ruled England in 1685 under the iron fist of Roman Catholicism. His subjects (especially those in the colonies) rose up in revolt and ultimately gained their desires. William and Mary of Orange succeeded James, and peace was restored in England and the colonies for a few more years.//


 * Rhode Island Colony-** //Formed by Roger Williams who was kicked out of the Massachusettes Bay Colony for his belief that church and state should be seperated. In his new colony that he created church was seperate from state. The colony was started with the help of indians. Also Anne Hutchinson joined in helping create the Rhode island colony//

you wanted until you died because ultimately the saved will be saved no matter what. This idea was antinomanism and was high heresy, so she went on trial in 1638. She was banished from Boston, so she moved to Rhode Island, and then eventually New York. In New York, Indians killed her whole family (14 children) except for one.//
 * Anne Hutchinson -** //Anne Hutchinson was a radical puritan who believed that living a good life wasn't a sure sign of being saved, so you could do whatever


 * Roger Williams** - //an English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism. He founded Providence in 1636 and obtained a royal charter for Rhode Island in 1663.//

Connecticut Colony- New York Colony- Pennsylvania Colony-


 * William Penn** - //William Penn was the founder of the colony of Pennsylvania, future state of Pennsylvania. He was known as the early champion of democracy as well as religious freedom. He also had a good relations with Native Americans including the local Lenape tribe. Philedelphia was planned and developed under his direction as well. Penn was a pacifistic Quaker who supported unity of the English colonies very early on and his Pennsylvania Frame of Government served as an inspiration for the U.S. Constitution. The King of England Charles II owed a debt to William Penn and his family and the charter to found Pennsylvania was given and the haven for the Quaker religion as well as those of other minority religions was created.//

Georgia Colony- Tobacco Economy-
 * Lord Baltimore-**//Founded the Maryland colony for catholics who were facing religious persecution in their European countries. They were considered less of people than the African slaves because of their beliefs.//
 * James Oglethorpe** - //A philanthropist and imperialist, James Oglethorpe helped to found the colony of Georgia. He worked to create Georgia as a colony of debtors and fought against slavery.//


 * Bacon's Rebellion** - //Lead by the farmer Nathanial Bacon. Western Virginia farmers revolted against Eastern government which lead to the public's eyes being opened to indentured servants ect. It was the first major rebellion; ran Governor Berkley out and killed Native Americans.//


 * Slavery in Colonies** - //The first Africans brought to the Americas were actually servants, but in 1670, the House of Burgesses declared// //that// //"all servants not being Christians imported into this colony by shipping shall be slaves for their lives." The colonists also used Indians as slaves, but Africans were much stronger and more resistant to disease, so the slave business soon turned exclusively African. By the time the 18th century rolled around, African slaves were beginning to outnumber whites in Southern areas. Though at first, slavery was more of an economic issue, it soon turned into racial and social distinction. Laws were created to make Africans and Indians subordinate to whites.//


 * Fugitive Slave Act-** //The fugitive slave law of 1793 denied constitutional rights to slaves even after they became free. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was written to strengthen this. It was one of the most controversial parts of the compromise of 1850. This Act stated that all runaway slaves were to be returned to their owners.//

African's in America- Southern Society- New England Society- Early Melting Pot Theory (Mix of Immigrant Groups up to 1775)- Northern Colonial Economical Structure- Southern Colonial Economical Structure- Colonial Trade-


 * 1st Great Awakening** - //The first mass social movement in American History; spread primarily throughout the middle and southern colonies. The main issue was religious style: personal faith, church practice, and decorum. The two primary issues were the crisis within the ministry and the crisis between the clergy and the laity. The Great Awakening was a reaction against the elaborate theological doctrines, emotional stagnation, and liberal doctrines of established churches.//

Colonial Educational Foundation- French Influence and Presence in Canada and Ohio River Valley- French and British War leading up to French and Indian War- Fort Necessity-
 * Albany Plan of Union** - //The Albany Plan of Union was drafted by Benjamin Franklin. The goal of the Albany Plan of Union was to run the British North American colonies under a more centralized government. This was the first time Masachusets-bay, New Hampshire, Coneticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pensilvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina planned to unite as a whole. This is where the political cartoon "Join or Die" came from.//


 * "Join or Die"-** //A political cartoon created by Ben Franklin. A snake cut into eighths represents each colony. It was a way to persuade the Loyalists to unified the colonies against Great Britain.//

French and Indian War- Huron-
 * William Pitt-** //William Pitt was Secretary of State for Great Britain during the Seven Years' War and later became the Prime Minister. Pitt was also known as The Great Commoner because of his refusal to accept any formal titles. U.S. city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is named after him as well as a number of counties, roads and universities found in Pennsylvania and along the eastern coast.//
 * Treaty of Paris** - //The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the American Revolution War. The treaty gave the United States independence and a good amount of land. It was signed on September 3, 1783 by the United States and Great Britian. A few of the American representatives were John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay.//


 * Pontiac's Rebellion** - //A war that began in May 1763 when Native Americans, who were upset by policies imposed by the British general Jeffery Amherst, attacked numerous British settlements and forts. Eight Britsh forts were captured and hundred of colonists were killed or captured and many toehrs fled the area. The war was named after the Odawa leader Pontiac.//


 * Proclamation of 1763** - //The Proclamation of 1763 banned colonists from moving anywhere west of the Appalachian Mountains. The idea behind it was to avoid any more conflicts with the Native Americans over land. The Proclamation was widely ignored by the colonists who were angered by it.//


 * Mercantilism** - //Mercantilism is an economic system created by Jean Baptiste Colbert. Mercanitilism emphasizes a favorable balance of trade, the use of colonies, and a set amount of gold in the world. In order to succeed, countries must use colonies to extract resources and create a favorable balance of trade to accumulate as much wealth as possible.//


 * Salutary Neglect** - //Salutary Neglect was Britain's policy towards the American colonies which avoided any kind of strict enforcement on the colonies. They put no regulations on trading and government until restrictions such as The Stamp Act and the Sugar Act were created and would eventually become one of the main factors leading into the Revolutionary War.//


 * Republicanism-** //Where the citizens hold all the power they are allowed to vote and directly elect their representatives.//

English Taxation of Colonies- Role of Women in Colonial Society-


 * Sugar Act-** //1764 Act that put a three-cent tax on foreign refined sugar and increased taxes on coffee, indigo, and certain kinds of wine. This act made the colonists very upset because they had no say in the amount of the tax. //
 * Stamp Act-** //First direct British tax on American colonists. Instituted in November, 1765. Every newspaper, pamphlet, and other public and legal document had to have a Stamp, or British seal, on it. The Stamp Act Congress was formed as a result of this tax. Eventually, the British government repealed the Stamp Act in March 1766. //


 * Direct Taxation-** //taxes that were payed directly to the king// //of England.//

Repeal of Stamp Act- "Excise Man"-
 * Indirect Taxation-** //a method of taxation that is not paid directly to the government, this commonly manifests itself as a sales tax or any tax that is collected by a middle man such as a store or distributor. In the American Colonies this was the wiser method of taxation as it did not spark public revolt that direct taxes did (Tea Tax). Colonial examples include import and export duties.//
 * Townshend Act-** //legislation passed by Britain placing taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea intended to raise revenue and provide salaries for officials, enacted on June 29th, 1767, placed by Charles Townshend//


 * Paul Revere** - //an American Revolutionary hero who made his famous ride to warn of the British advance on Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts on April 18, 1775.//

Confusions around Boston Massacre-


 * Samuel Adams** - //Born in Bosten Massachusets, Samual Adams first started as a a tax collector. Then he was voted as a clerk in 1765. He then was voter as a representitive for the newly formed continental congress in 1774. Samual Adams was a signer of the Decleration of Independence and he left in 1781 ro formhis own constitution in Massachsusets. He was voted govener of the state but then died in 1893 in his home town.//

Committees of Correspondence- Boycott of British Goods-


 * Loyalist-** //A person who remained loyal to British rule during the American revolution.//


 * Royal/Colonial Governor-** //an official that represented the British crown in the colonies and was in charge of governing the area. These positions were appointed to bureaucrats but could also be gained through patronage. Their power weakened more and more as the American Revolution drew nearer.//


 * Boston Tea Party** - //On December 16, 1773 colonist in Boston, outraged by the Townshend Act, took a stand against Britain by dressing as Native Americans and during the night boarding a British tea ship and dumping it’s cargo into the Boston Harbor. Parliament later responded by passing the Intolerable Acts which closed the Port of Boston and placing other restrictions onto the colonists. //
 * Direct Reaction of British to Tea Party** - //In response to the Boston Tea Party the British Government pased the Intolerable Acts (known as the Coercive Acts in Britain). Under these acts the Port of Boston was closed. Also, the Quebec Act, Quartering Act, Impartial Administration of Justice Act, and the Massachusetts Bay Regulating Act were all included in the Intolerable Acts.//


 * Quartering Act** //-// //Under the Intolerable Acts, the Quartering Act allowed royal troops to take residence in any colonial home or empty building if barracks are unavailable.//


 * Administration of Justice Act-** //This act, labeled the "Murder Act" by colonist, made it possible for British loyalist and officials who committed crimes against the colonies to exscape persecution in the colonies to being tried in a British court.//


 * Coercive Acts** - //The Coercive Acts was the reak name for the British's response to the Boston Tea Party. In the colonies these acts were known as the Intolerable Acts. The Coercive Acts were designed to punish the pesky colonist for their rebellious acts.//


 * Quebec Act-** //Enlarged the boundaries of the territory to the south and the east, became effective on May 1st 1775, colony would be governed by a governor, established French Civil law and British criminal law//


 * Lexington and Concord-**//The "shot heard round the world" occurred on April 18 1775. This battle between a small amount of minute men and the British army marked the beginning of the American Revolution. The location of a vast amount of weapons was the cause of the battle. On his way to Concord to take the weapons, General Gage was stopped by a small group of minute men at Lexington Green, a small hill. The men were just a simple delay tactic so the artilery could be mvoed to a different location. In the end the Americans won the battle because the British were forced to retreat and call for mroe support.//

1st Continental Congress-
 * Bunker Hill** - //At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the British troops were based in Boston. The British army had begun to fortify the Dorchester Heights near Boston, so the Continental Army fortified Breed's Hill, north of Boston in order to counter the British plan. British general Gage led two unsuccessful attempts to take this hill before he finally seized it with the third assault. The British suffered heavy losses and lost any hope for a quick victory against the colonies. Although the battle centered around Breed's hill, it was mistakenly named for nearby Bunker HIll.//


 * Olive Branch Petition** - //The Olive Branch Petition was the final attempt by the Continental Congress to avoid a war with Britain. This was written mainly by John Dickinson and the idea of it was to bring about peace between the two countries. It also tried to get Parliament to rethink its Intolerable Acts. The King chose not to accept the Olive Branch Petition, and the war went on.//

British Strength in Revolution- Benjamin Franklin-
 * Colonial Strength in Revolution**- //The colonies had several advantages going into the revolution. The sheer number of people in the colonies far out weighed the numbers of the british army. The fact that Britian had to cross an ocean to deliver troops, supplies, and war strategies made their war effort clunky and uncoordinated. The American use of Guerrilla Warfare was a superior style of fighting than the british colomn formations. And perhaps most importantly was the fact that America did not have to win the war, but instead delay the British into a stalemate, whereas the British needed a crushing and decisive victory.//


 * George Washington-** first president of the United States. Did not have an official party, but known as a federalist. Born In Virginia, and served from 1789-1797. Brilliant president because he surrounded himself with brilliant minds in his cabinet. George Washington is very famous for the crossing of the Delaware River in the Revolutionary War, a U.S victorious battle; also the whiskey rebellion was settled by George Washington when he personally used the national army to enforce the federal laws.


 * John Adams**- Served as George Washington's vice president. Served one term as president from 1797-1801. John Adams was born in Virginia, and was considered a Federalist. He is known as the father of the U.S navy, and also being president during the Quasi War, which was started by the XYZ affair. He enforced the Alien of Sedition Acts, which ultimately led to State Nullification.

Thomas Jefferson- King George III-
 * John Hancock**- //Originally a congressman from Massachusetts, John Hancock was unanimously elected president of the 2nd Continental Congress in 1775. His signature is the largest and most recognizable on the Declaration of Independence. He was later elected as Governor of Massachusetts which he served as until his death in 1793.//


 * Intolerable Acts-** The Intolerable Acts, also known as the Coercive Acts, was a set of laws set by British Parliament to the new American Colonies in 1774. The Acts caused a major uproar in the new colonies and sparked the beginning of the American Revolution. The Acts passed by Britain to keep the colonies under their control ends up being a major factor in the separation of the colonies from Britain.

Imperial Strenghs-
 * Alexander Hamilton-** //The youngest of the Founding Fathers and a brilliant economist, he is remembered for his favoring of a strong central government and was considered a Federalist. He is known for reviving/ establishing America's line of credit by urging Congress to fund the entire national debt "at par" or face value. He is also known for supporting the excise tax on whiskey which eventually led to the Whiskey Rebellion.//


 * Marquis de Lafayette** - //Wealthy French major general in the colonial army at the age of 19. Through family and political connections in France helped give financial aid to the emerging America during the Revolutionary War. He used $200,000 of his own money in private funds to give to the U.S.//


 * Battle of Trenton** - //In 1776 Washington and Howe were struggling to defeat one another and Washington needed a victory to raise the moral of his troops. He choose to cross the Deleware River back into New Jersey for a srprize on British forces (who were already in winter quarters). On Christmas of 1776 during a snowstorm, Washington decided to attack. At 8 in the morning the opposing troops were sleeping off their previous celebrations when they were surrounded. And Washington finally got the victory he had wanted.//

Battle of Princeton- Battle of New York-


 * Battle of Saratoga-** //A battle fought in 1777 during the American Revolution were the British were defeated.//

Declaration of Independence- Allied support during Revolutionary War-


 * Thomas Paine** - //writer and creator of the highly influential pamphlet Common Sense which promoted the colonies independence from Britain.//


 * Patriots** - //People who love their country and support its authority and interests.//

General Burgoyne- General Howe-


 * General Gates** - //General of American soldiers during the Revolutionary War. Defeated General Burgoyne's British trrops at Saratoga on October 17, 1777. Burgoyne was forced to surrender his command at Saratoga, and changed the momentum of the Revolutionary War.//

General Greene- General Cornwallis-


 * Battle of Yorktown-** //The final battle bewteen Commanders George Washington and Charles Cornwallis. The American Army was outnumbered untill the French sieged Yorktown. Victory was in the American's hand and Cornwallis surrended on October 19, 1781. With Cornwallis's surrender, this led to the Treaty of Paris.//


 * Treaty of Paris** (1783)- //Signed on September 3, 1783. It official ended the American Revolution. This was part of a larger treaty that encompassed more European countries that had been at war with England in the same time period.//

Confederation-


 * Industrial Revolution**-//The industrial revolution was a time in the 18th to 19th century when major changes were taking place in America. America was growing and developing new technologies and ideas. Some of the technological advances America saw was the appearance of steam powered ships, railways, and electrical power. Along with new technology there were new social advances. Women were being seen more in the work force and had just begun the road to independence.//


 * Federalist Party-** //One of America's first political parties. This party favored a strong central government// as //opposed to strong state governments. This party was founded by Alexander Hamilton. The first and only Federalist president was John Adams. He was an unpopular president that ensured that his party would not come to power again. His issuing of the Alien and Sedition acts in order to silence critics and media is often regarded as the death of the Federalist party a// //nd were later declared unconstitutional.//


 * The Monroe Doctrine** - //written be John Quincy Adams in 1823. stated that the US was neutral, the Self- Defense policy, and that the US would help to defend the free nations of the Western Hemisphere. Document established America as the big dog, protective big brother of independence.


 * American System-** provided roads, canals, and other improvements around the US. after the War of 1812. The system was created to help commerce, industry, and agriculture. Also, it created a national currency.//


 * Panic of 1819-** //The major cause was land spectators in the west. The price of cotton fell which make farmers unable to pay their debts. The people who were affected soon became the future Democratic Party.//

the great Compromise, was for John Adams, and helped him in to office. After Adams won henry Clay became the Secertary of State//.
 * The Corrupt Bargain-** //1824-the Election with Andrew Jackson, Adams was worried he would not win, and asked// //Henry Clay,


 * The Constitution** - //The Constitution is the fundamental law doctrine of the United States, and is the longest standing constitution in existance. It outlines the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, as well as the checks and balance system. It was created in 1787 at the Constitution Convention with 55 delegates in attendance. The Constitution was ratified in June of 1788, and the Bill of Rights was added in September 1789.//


 * Marbury vs. Madison -** //Marbury vs. Madison was the first decision by the Supreme Court to declare an act passed by Congress unconstitutional and therefore, void. In 1803, William Marbury sued Secretary of State James Madison for denying him the position of justice of peace in the District of Columbia. Chief Justice John Marshall declared this denial unconstitutional and brought into the world of law the doctrine of "judicial review." Judicial review means that the Supreme Court has the last word on what is constitutional versus what is not.//


 * The Spoils System-** //practice in which the political party winning an election rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and by other favours. The spoils system involves political activity by public employees in support of their party and the employees’ removal from office if their party loses the election//


 * Pet Banks-** //Jackson’s decision to place federal money in the vaults of so-called pet banks, under the direction mainly of Democratic bankers, rather than with the more reliable Bank of the United States //


 * Treaty of Ghent** //-The Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814; it was negotiated by John Q. Adams and Henry Clay. There were no mentions of the war or the issues that started it, it just brought the country back to its status quo.//


 * Burr Treason Trial** - //Aaron Burr was Thomas Jefferson's first term vice president. Jefferson dropped Burr from his cabinet in his second term so Burr joined a group of Federalist extremists to plot the secession of New England and New York. Alexander Hamilton exposed Burr to Jefferson and foiled the conspiracy; Burr then challenged Hamilton to a duel; Hamilton meet with Burr at the appointed hour, but refused to fire; Burr killed Hamilton in one shot. Burr's political career ended there. He Struck up an allegiance with General James Wilikinson; together they planned to separate the western part of the United States. In the fall of 1806, Burr and sixty followers floated down the Mississippi River to meet Wilkinson's army at Natches but the general had learned that Jefferson had gotten wind of the plot and betrayed Burr and fled to New Orleans. Burr was then arrested and tried for treason.//


 * The Whiskey Rebellion** - //During George Washington's presidency whiskey distillers led one of the first rebellions against the government. They were opposed to the 1791 excise tax on whiskey. To end this rebellion Washington sent troops to break it up. This showed the people of the new America that the government was going to use force to enforce its laws.//


 * The 3/5ths Compromise-** //It was stated in the constitution that the people of America would be able to vot for president, have two senators per state, and would have representatives in the House of Reps based on state population. The question was would slaves count towards the population in the southern states? It was agreed that each slave would count as 3/5ths of a person.//

Soft Money-
 * Hard Money-

Son's Of Liberty-** //A group of patriotic societies that formed during the Stamp act. These groups formed to oppose the britsh in the country and further suppoted the movement to American freedom.//


 * Louisiana Purchase** - //A purchase of land made by Thomas Jefferson. The purchase costed a total of 15 million dollars and included portions of fourteen current staes and two Canadian Provinces. The purchase supply more than 20% of what is todays Untied states of America.//


 * The Great Migration of the 1630's-** //Two thousand colonists had reached Boston and many towns near by. A total of more than 15,000 immigrants moved to New England due to the disorder in England. The English Civil War, which took place from 1642 until 1649, put a halt to the Great Migration.//


 * Miles Standish-** //Miles Standish was a military office chosen to chaperon the Pilgrims. He headed numerous amounts of uprisings against the Native Americans that John Robinson lectured him.//

**Nativists **- // A prejudiced party of “native” Americans that took an anti-immigration stance around the mid 1800s. This party was periodically active but did not go away until about the 1900s. //
 * Wage Slaves **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//These industrial revolution workers were literally slaves to their wages. They were the worst of the exploited laborers, living in horrible conditions and being paid the least amount of money.//


 * Committee of Tarring and Feathering-** //Group of Patriot extremist who practiced the act of tarring an individual then pouring the feathers that stuck to their body. This act was practiced on people such as loyalists or stamp tax collectors or even those who did not cooperate. Although this was not practiced very often, it was used as an intimidation mechanism for many loyalists and British.//

John Singleton Copley
 * Elizabeth "Mumbet" Freeman** - //Elizabeth Freeman was a slave in Massachusetts who sued her master for freedom in 1811. She won the case and served as a domestic servent for the remainder of her life.//


 * John Marshal****l**- //Marshall, a Chief Justice on the Supreme Court work to uphold nationalism and fought against state rights. Some of his most famous cases were McColloch v. Maryland, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden, and Fletcher v. Peck. His rulings provided a check against Congress and strengthened the power of the Supreme Court.//
 * Trail of Tears-** The long journey that the Native Americans were forced to travel to indian reservations out west. The massive forced migration of the Native Americans was caused by the Indian Removal Act of 1830.


 * Eli Whitney**- //Whitney invented the cotton gin, which separated the seed from the cotton fiber. His invention allowed cotton to be separated 50 times faster and cemented cotton production in the South.//


 * 12th amendment-**//Was ratified on June 15 1804. This amendment states that the president and vice president must have seperate electoral ballots during elections.//

Andrew Jackson


 * Manifest Destiny-**//The idea that the United States had the God given right to spread it's power from sea to shining sea. John O'Sullivan coined this phrase in 1845.//


 * Adams Onis Treaty-** //Treaty paseed in 1819 establishing a border of Texas and stating that the US now possessed Florida, rather than Spain.//
 * Indian Removal Act- ** //passed in 1830, gave president power to negotiate treaties with the Indians east of the Mississippi, Indians were instructed to give up their lands in the east and move to the west, this is was supposed to be peaceful however the Indians refused to leave and Jackson// //forced them out//


 * Texas Revolution-** o<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">//ccurred in 1835-36, Americans in Texas secured their independence from Mexico establishing a republic//


 * Land Ordinance of 1785 ** - //The land ordinance of 1785 was the first of three pieces of legislation regarding the newly acquired "Old Northwest". This ordinance stated that the newly acquired land was to be split up, surveyed, and sold to the public to pay off national debt. It seemed to be a great alternative to the fraud of landownership further south.


 * Northwest Ordinance of 1787** - This was one of the more successful pieces of legislation passed by the Congress of the Confederation. It provided the two step program of admitting new territories to statehood. Most importantly, it's success may have prevented a second Revolutionary War between the East and the West.//


 * Cotton Gin-** //An invention by Yale graduate Eli Whitney. In 1793 this Massechusetts born man invented the cotton gin as a device that separated cotton fiber from the cotton seed. Proving to be one of the most important inventions in history, the cotton gin was fifty times more efficient in separating seed from cotton than by hand.//


 * Whig Party-** //In 1828 a new political party knows as the whigs was emerging. This party was started as an opposition to Andrew Jackson and his policies. The name was chosen to remind Americans of the whigs worn by Revolutionary Americans that were opposed to monarchy (Many Whigs saw Jackson as acting like a King). The Whig party later gained the support of others such as northern merchants, southerners fighting for state rights(nullification), and supporters of Henry Clay's American System.


 * Articles of Confederation-**the Articles of Confederation was a written agreement between the 13 original colonies and was completed in 1781. It was drafted by the Continental Congress; John Dickinson was the one trusted with the job. However it was eventually replaced by the Constitution.

**XYZ Affair (1797)** - ////During the Napoleonic Wars between France and England in the late 18th century, America attempted to remain neutral. However, the signing of Jay's Treaty put America as a British supporter in the eyes of France. Therefore, when President Adams sent a diplomatic commission of three men to France in order to alleviate some of the tension, French spokesmen demanded a loan of 32 million florins and a bribe of some $250,000 for the mere honor of speaking to Talleyrand, the French foreign minister. Needless to say, the Americans were insulted and boldly refused. This affair led to a widespread war panic in the United States, causing war preparations that included the creation of the Navy Department, the reestablishment of U.S. Marine Corps, and the authorization of an army. For the next two years, 1798-1800, undeclared hostilities were confined to the sea, principally the West Indies//.
 * The Long Bill** – //The “long bill” is a term used to describe the large amount of money consumers were in debt to the banks. Many customers bought credit because they believed they would be able to make their payments eventually. However, when the Panic of 1837 hit, they found themselves struggling, especially when banks closed down that were holding their savings.//


 * Samuel Houston** //– Houston started off as a soldier, lawyer, congressman, and governor in Tennessee. He later became the head leader of the Texas rebels. Then he was voted into the U.S. Senate and was elected governor of Texas. However, because he was originally from the north, he had a strong compassion for the Union. This led to him to going against the Confederacy during the Civil War, so he was required to retire early.//


 * William Henry Harrison**- //First Whig president in US history.Elected in 1841, until he died on April 4th of pneumonia.//


 * Panic of 1819**- //A major economical crisis that America went through because of land speculation, wild cat banks, andpeople hoarding gold. Happened under President Monroe.//

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